Development
Rossotrudnichestvo: Russian Public Diplomacy
Rossotrudnichestvo uses Russian Houses, language programs, scholarships and cooperation to build ties, but war-linked sanctions and propaganda have weakened its credibility.
Compulsory Licensing: Patents, Public Health and TRIPS Rules
Compulsory licensing allows a patent to be used without the patent holder’s consent under defined conditions, with remuneration and safeguards under TRIPS.
Multinational Corporations: Power and Responsibility
Multinationals organize value chains, technology and investment across borders, expanding their power before states and responsibility claims.
Global Inflation: Energy, Food and Coordination
Global inflation moves energy, food, currency and interest-rate shocks across borders, leaving governments to manage uneven costs.
TRIPS and Access to Medicines: Patents and Public Health
TRIPS brought pharmaceutical patents into the WTO and made access to medicines a dispute over innovation, trade, and public health.
Export-Led Growth: Definition, Strategy and Examples
Export-led growth uses foreign demand to scale production, earn foreign exchange, and build domestic capacity, while exposing economies to trade shocks.
SPS Measures: WTO Rules and Examples
SPS measures protect food, animals and plants. WTO rules allow that protection, but require science, transparency and non-discrimination.
Industry 4.0 and Technological Competition
Industry 4.0 links automation, data and industrial policy to competition over productivity, standards and technological autonomy.
International Climate Regime: Kyoto, Paris and Finance
The climate regime links UNFCCC rules, Kyoto targets, Paris pledges, carbon markets, and finance to the North-South equity dispute.
WIPO: Patents, Innovation and Development
WIPO maintains treaties, filing systems, data and forums that turn inventions, brands, cultural works and knowledge into rights that can operate across borders.
UNESCO: Mandate, Heritage and Cultural Diplomacy
UNESCO turns knowledge and culture into standards, lists and programs that guide heritage protection, technical cooperation and cultural diplomacy.
Earth Summit (Rio 1992): Outcomes, Agenda 21 and Legacy
The 1992 Earth Summit adopted Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and climate and biodiversity treaties.
What is the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs?
The SDGs are 17 objectives to ensure world peace and prosperity, now and into the future. However, their implementation has been facing difficulties.