International Politics
UN Security Council: Veto, Reform, and Legitimacy
How the UN Security Council works, why the veto exists, and why reform is central to debates over legitimacy.
Lithium: Supply Chains and International Politics
Lithium supply chains link battery manufacturing, critical minerals policy, industrial strategy and geopolitical risk.
World Health Organization: Membership, Organs, and Core Functions
Learn how the WHO is governed, funded, and limited as the UN health agency, from its Member States to the IHR and pandemic rules.
U.S. Foreign Policy in the Indo-Pacific
U.S. Indo-Pacific policy combines alliances, deterrence, economic security and regional diplomacy amid competition with China.
International Atomic Energy Agency: History, Functions, and Nuclear Inspections
The IAEA promotes peaceful nuclear technology while using safeguards and inspections to detect diversion toward military purposes.
China’s Foreign Policy: History, Priorities and Challenges
China’s foreign policy protects party rule and national development while seeking greater security in Asia and a stronger Chinese voice in global governance.
Nepal’s 2025 Gen Z Protests and the Post-Oli Political Transition
The 2025 youth-led protests toppled K.P. Sharma Oli, brought Sushila Karki’s interim cabinet, and led to Balendra Shah’s 2026 government.
Israel’s Gaza City Assault and the UN Commission’s Genocide Finding
The September 2025 assault now frames debates over displacement, famine analysis, the ceasefire, and genocide litigation.
Australia Recognizes Palestine as Part of UN Effort to Revive a Two-State Solution
Canberra backs a UN plan linking recognition to reforms, aid, and civilian protection in Gaza.
Japan’s Foreign Policy: History, Pillars and Challenges
Japan’s foreign policy links the U.S. alliance, FOIP, economic security, regional disputes, China, North Korea, and global diplomacy.
Women, Peace, and Security: Pillars, Initiatives and Challenges
The WPS agenda protects women and girls in conflict and expands women’s participation in peace and security decisions.
The International Politics of the Holy See
The Holy See is a subject of international law and a major player in international relations, through the Pope and his diplomatic service.
The Guyana-Venezuela Dispute over Essequibo
Essequibo is at the heart of a historical dispute over territory, water, minerals, and petroleum.
What Is APEC? History, Member Economies, Goals and Summits
APEC is the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, a 21-economy group that promotes trade, investment and regional economic integration.
BRICS: History, Members, Initiatives and Summits
BRICS links 11 emerging economies through summits, finance initiatives and Global South coordination in world politics.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography by Tim Marshall
This book explains how the geographical features of the regions of the world influence their political decisions, military strategies and economic development.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Arctic
Melting Arctic ice opens sea routes, resources and legal disputes that intensify competition in the region.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Latin America
Latin America’s geography, colonial institutions and weak transport corridors keep regional integration costly.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Korea and Japan
Korea’s division, North Korea’s missiles and Japan’s maritime geography keep Northeast Asia strategically crowded.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: India and Pakistan
Partition, Kashmir, water and nuclear weapons keep India and Pakistan locked in a rivalry shaped by geography.
Migration in Oceania: Trends and Statistics
Oceania’s migration profile combines Australia and New Zealand as destinations with Pacific emigration, remittances and disaster displacement.
Earth Summit (Rio 1992): Outcomes, Agenda 21 and Legacy
The 1992 Earth Summit adopted Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and climate and biodiversity treaties.
The History of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime
Since the mid-twentieth century, the nuclear non-proliferation regime has limited new arsenals while leaving disarmament contested.
Migration in Northern America: Trends and Statistics
The United States and Canada shape North American migration through large foreign-born populations, remittances and contrasting admission policies.
Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean: Trends and Statistics
Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean is shaped by emigration to the United States, Venezuelan displacement, remittances, transit routes and disasters.
Migration in Europe: Trends and Statistics
Even though the continent receives many migrants from other regions, Europeans are more likely to remain in European countries.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Middle East
This region has complex geopolitical dynamics, which remain under the influence of various foreign powers.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Africa
Geographical characteristics partly explain Africa’s misfortunes and its potential for economic development.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Western Europe
Europe’s political and economic success is partly attributed to its favorable geographic conditions, such as its mild climate and navigable rivers.
Migration in Asia and the Middle East: Trends and Statistics
Migration in Asia and the Middle East includes Gulf labour corridors, remittances, student mobility, refugee crises and disaster displacement.
Migration in Africa: Trends and Statistics
African migration is mainly regional, but it also includes forced displacement, remittances, labour corridors, and dangerous routes toward Europe and the Gulf.
International Drug Control Regime: Treaties & Organs
This regime deals with regulating the production, consumption, trafficking and possession of narcotics on a global scale.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: United States
Thanks to its advantageous territory, the United States was able to become a great power, exercising influence all over the world.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: China
China is a land power that is also turning into a maritime power. However, it has been facing domestic tensions and its future is an enigma.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Russia
Russia is a geopolitical giant with an expansionist history, thanks to its territory, its natural resources, and its armed forces.
Conflicting Interests in the Russo-Ukrainian War
To understand Russia’s war against Ukraine, we must look into their interests and into those of the United States and the European Union.
United Nations (UN): History, Founding, Purposes and Organs
What is the UN? The United Nations is the main global organization for peace, security, cooperation, human rights and development.
What is the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs?
The SDGs are 17 objectives to ensure world peace and prosperity, now and into the future. However, their implementation has been facing difficulties.
Russia’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary & Analysis
Sergey Lavrov presented the Russian perspective on a myriad of issues, but some of his views do not accurately represent reality.
United Kingdom’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Secretary of State Oliver Dowden talked incessantly about AI and basically neglected many other subjects.
France’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna delivered a scathing critique of the invasion of Ukraine, but said little about other issues.
China’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
China proposed multilateral cooperation, but it had trouble defending human rights and criticizing the war in Ukraine.
Biden’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Biden criticized American rivals and emphasized the role of the U.S. in financing global institutions.
Lula’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Lula’s speech touched on themes that are important to Brazil, but it barely discussed Ukraine and the UN Security Council.
António Guterres’ 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Guterres addressed major crises and urged states to reform institutions, fund humanitarian relief and act on climate change.
What is the General Debate of the UN General Assembly?
The General Debate is a high-level annual meeting in New York, where world leaders deliver speeches and negotiate on the sidelines.
What is the Group of 20? G20 Origins, Members and Summits
The G20 is an international forum for economic cooperation, most notably known for its summits that assemble world leaders every year.
Why does China want the South China Sea?
This vast ocean is linked to China’s history, has enormous economic potential, and is key to securing the country in the Pacific.