International Politics
Foreign Investment Screening and National Security
Governments screen sensitive acquisitions, assets and real estate to attract foreign capital without surrendering critical infrastructure, strategic data or regulatory autonomy.
Rossotrudnichestvo: Russian Public Diplomacy
Rossotrudnichestvo uses Russian Houses, language programs, scholarships and cooperation to build ties, but war-linked sanctions and propaganda have weakened its credibility.
Brazil-India Relations: BRICS, Partnership and Trade
Brazil-India combines strategic partnership with concentrated trade, expanding technology cooperation, and coordination in BRICS, IBSA, G4, and G20.
Brazil-China Relations: Trade and Strategic Partnership
Since 1974, Brazil-China ties combine commodity trade with technology and infrastructure cooperation inside a global strategic partnership.
Climate COPs: How UN Climate Conferences Work
Climate COPs bring UNFCCC parties together to negotiate rules, finance, national targets, adaptation, and implementation of the Paris Agreement.
Multinational Corporations: Power and Responsibility
Multinationals organize value chains, technology and investment across borders, expanding their power before states and responsibility claims.
Hypersonic Missiles: Technology and Strategic Stability
Hypersonic speed narrows decision time, strains defenses, and increases uncertainty between conventional and nuclear weapons.
ASEAN Regional Forum: Members, Purpose and Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue
The ASEAN Regional Forum brings Indo-Pacific powers and states together for confidence-building, preventive diplomacy and regional security dialogue.
OPEC and OPEC+: Members, Oil Prices and Global Energy Politics
OPEC and OPEC+ coordinate supply, quotas and voluntary cuts, but depend on internal discipline, sanctions, shale and the energy transition.
Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations: Rivalry, Religion and Regional Power
The Iran-Saudi rivalry combines Islamic leadership, Gulf security, oil, proxy wars and a diplomatic thaw that remains fragile.
Arctic: Climate Change, Sea Routes and Sovereignty Disputes
Arctic ice loss intensifies disputes over navigation, continental shelves, military presence, Indigenous rights and circumpolar governance.
Sports Diplomacy: Meaning, Tools and Examples
Governments, sports bodies and athletes project image, open dialogue, seek recognition and impose reputational pressure through sport.
International Pandemic Governance: WHO, IHR and the Pandemic Agreement
Fast alerts, surveillance duties and access rules for vaccines, tests and treatments shape international cooperation against pandemics.
5G in International Politics
5G made mobile networks a geopolitical issue by linking critical infrastructure, strategic suppliers and U.S.-China competition.
Global Inflation: Energy, Food and Coordination
Global inflation moves energy, food, currency and interest-rate shocks across borders, leaving governments to manage uneven costs.
AI Safety: Risks, Governance, and Strategic Competition
AI safety involves technical, social, and military risks, as well as the political contest over who defines rules for intelligent systems.
Three Seas Initiative: Members and Geopolitics
The Three Seas Initiative links EU countries around transport, energy and digital infrastructure along Europe’s north-south axis.
Commonwealth: Members, History, and Postcolonial Cooperation
The Commonwealth turns post-imperial ties into a voluntary network of cooperation, visibility, and political contestation.
NATO: Members, Article 5, Expansion, and Current Challenges
NATO combines collective defense, political consensus, European expansion, support for Ukraine, and disputes over the costs of security.
UN Peacekeeping: Principles, Mandates and Criticism
UN peacekeeping operations turn international mandates into presence on the ground, but they depend on consent, resources and a viable political process.
Ethiopia and Eritrea: War, Peace, and Access to the Red Sea
Eritrea’s independence left Ethiopia landlocked, and the 2018 peace did not create institutions capable of resolving disputes over the border and access to the Red Sea.
Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy
Japan’s cultural diplomacy uses language, exchange, pop culture and tourism to build foreign attraction, economic influence and political trust.
China-Russia Relations: Strategy, Trade and Limits
China and Russia coordinate against Western pressure, while Russian dependence and Chinese caution limit the partnership’s reach.
Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia: Nile Water and Security
Sudan-Egypt-Ethiopia relations revolve around the GERD, Nile water security and Sudan’s fragile position between upstream and downstream interests.
International Telecommunication Union
The ITU governs radio spectrum, satellite orbits, technical standards and digital-inclusion policy in the UN system.
Industry 4.0 and Technological Competition
Industry 4.0 links automation, data and industrial policy to competition over productivity, standards and technological autonomy.
Cybersecurity in International Relations
Digital attacks now shape infrastructure protection, evidence sharing and state bargaining.
CPLP: Members, Institutions and Objectives
The CPLP links nine Portuguese-speaking states through diplomacy, cooperation, mobility rules and language policy.
International Climate Regime: Kyoto, Paris and Finance
The climate regime links UNFCCC rules, Kyoto targets, Paris pledges, carbon markets, and finance to the North-South equity dispute.
U.S.-China Relations: Competition and Trade
Strategic rivalry, trade and economic dependence shape United States-China relations in the twenty-first century.
Health Diplomacy: Meaning, Institutions and Examples
Health diplomacy turns outbreaks, vaccines, medicines and sanitary rules into negotiations among governments, international organizations and health systems.
Pandemics and International Security
Pandemics become security issues when they force decisions about alerts, borders, hospitals, supplies, vaccines and cooperation.
WIPO: Patents, Innovation and Development
WIPO maintains treaties, filing systems, data and forums that turn inventions, brands, cultural works and knowledge into rights that can operate across borders.
UNESCO: Mandate, Heritage and Cultural Diplomacy
UNESCO turns knowledge and culture into standards, lists and programs that guide heritage protection, technical cooperation and cultural diplomacy.
Armenia-Azerbaijan Relations: Karabakh and Borders
Peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan now depends on recognized borders, displaced people's rights and rules for transit across the region.
Amazon Cooperation Treaty: Environment and Sovereignty
The Amazon Cooperation Treaty gives eight Amazonian states a framework to defend sovereignty and coordinate sustainable-development policy.
Digital Diplomacy: Meaning, Tools and Foreign Policy Uses
Digital diplomacy uses online tools, data and digital policy to communicate, provide services and pursue foreign-policy goals.
Cultural Diplomacy: Meaning, Tools and Examples
Cultural diplomacy uses language, education, arts, heritage and exchange to build trust abroad, but it works only when audiences find the message credible.
UN Security Council: Veto, Reform, and Legitimacy
How the UN Security Council works, why the veto exists, and why reform is central to debates over legitimacy.
Lithium: Supply Chains and International Politics
Lithium supply chains link battery manufacturing, critical minerals policy, industrial strategy and geopolitical risk.
World Health Organization: Members and Functions
Learn how the WHO is governed, funded, and limited as the UN health agency, from its Member States to the IHR and pandemic rules.
U.S. Foreign Policy in the Indo-Pacific
U.S. Indo-Pacific policy combines alliances, deterrence, economic security and regional diplomacy amid competition with China.
IAEA: History, Functions and Nuclear Inspections
The IAEA promotes peaceful nuclear technology while using safeguards and inspections to detect diversion toward military purposes.
China’s Foreign Policy: History, Priorities and Challenges
China’s foreign policy protects party rule and national development while seeking greater security in Asia and a stronger Chinese voice in global governance.
Nepal’s 2025 Gen Z Protests and Post-Oli Transition
The 2025 youth-led protests toppled K.P. Sharma Oli, brought Sushila Karki’s interim cabinet, and led to Balendra Shah’s 2026 government.
Israel’s Gaza City Assault and UN Genocide Finding
The September 2025 assault now frames debates over displacement, famine analysis, the ceasefire, and genocide litigation.
Australia Recognizes Palestine at the UN
Canberra backs a UN plan linking recognition to reforms, aid, and civilian protection in Gaza.
Japan’s Foreign Policy: History, Pillars and Challenges
Japan’s foreign policy links the U.S. alliance, FOIP, economic security, regional disputes, China, North Korea, and global diplomacy.
Women, Peace and Security: UNSCR 1325 and Implementation
The WPS agenda protects women and girls in conflict and expands women’s participation in peace and security decisions.
The International Politics of the Holy See
The Holy See is a subject of international law and a major player in international relations, through the Pope and his diplomatic service.
The Guyana-Venezuela Dispute over Essequibo
Essequibo is at the heart of a historical dispute over territory, water, minerals, and petroleum.
APEC: 21 Member Economies, Goals, Summits and Asia-Pacific Trade
APEC is a 21-economy Asia-Pacific forum for trade, investment, regional integration, digital economy talks and annual leaders’ summits.
BRICS: 11 Members, Expansion, New Development Bank and Summits
BRICS brings together 11 emerging and developing economies for Global South coordination, annual summits and the New Development Bank.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography by Tim Marshall
This book explains how the geographical features of the regions of the world influence their political decisions, military strategies and economic development.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Arctic
Melting Arctic ice opens sea routes, resources and legal disputes that intensify competition in the region.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Latin America
Latin America’s geography, colonial institutions and weak transport corridors keep regional integration costly.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Korea and Japan
Korea’s division, North Korea’s missiles and Japan’s maritime geography keep Northeast Asia strategically crowded.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: India and Pakistan
Partition, Kashmir, water and nuclear weapons keep India and Pakistan locked in a rivalry shaped by geography.
Migration in Oceania: Trends and Statistics
Oceania’s migration profile combines Australia and New Zealand as destinations with Pacific emigration, remittances and disaster displacement.
Earth Summit (Rio 1992): Outcomes, Agenda 21 and Legacy
The 1992 Earth Summit adopted Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and climate and biodiversity treaties.
The History of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime
Since the mid-twentieth century, the nuclear non-proliferation regime has limited new arsenals while leaving disarmament contested.
Migration in Northern America: Trends and Statistics
The United States and Canada shape North American migration through large foreign-born populations, remittances and contrasting admission policies.
Migration in Latin America: Trends and Statistics
Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean is shaped by emigration to the United States, Venezuelan displacement, remittances, transit routes and disasters.
Migration in Europe: Trends and Statistics
Even though the continent receives many migrants from other regions, Europeans are more likely to remain in European countries.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Middle East
This region has complex geopolitical dynamics, which remain under the influence of various foreign powers.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Africa
Geographical characteristics partly explain Africa’s misfortunes and its potential for economic development.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Western Europe
Europe’s political and economic success is partly attributed to its favorable geographic conditions, such as its mild climate and navigable rivers.
Migration in Asia and the Middle East: Trends and Statistics
Migration in Asia and the Middle East includes Gulf labour corridors, remittances, student mobility, refugee crises and disaster displacement.
Migration in Africa: Trends and Statistics
African migration is mainly regional, but it also includes forced displacement, remittances, labour corridors, and dangerous routes toward Europe and the Gulf.
International Drug Control Regime: Treaties & Organs
This regime deals with regulating the production, consumption, trafficking and possession of narcotics on a global scale.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: United States
Thanks to its advantageous territory, the United States was able to become a great power, exercising influence all over the world.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: China
China is a land power that is also turning into a maritime power. However, it has been facing domestic tensions and its future is an enigma.
Summary: Prisoners of Geography: Russia
Russia is a geopolitical giant with an expansionist history, thanks to its territory, its natural resources, and its armed forces.
Conflicting Interests in the Russo-Ukrainian War
To understand Russia’s war against Ukraine, we must look into their interests and into those of the United States and the European Union.
United Nations: Members, Charter, Security Council and Agencies
The United Nations has 193 members and works through its Charter, Security Council, General Assembly, agencies and peace operations.
What is the 2030 Agenda and its SDGs?
The SDGs are 17 objectives to ensure world peace and prosperity, now and into the future. However, their implementation has been facing difficulties.
Russia’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary & Analysis
Sergey Lavrov presented the Russian perspective on a myriad of issues, but some of his views do not accurately represent reality.
United Kingdom’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Secretary of State Oliver Dowden talked incessantly about AI and basically neglected many other subjects.
France’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna delivered a scathing critique of the invasion of Ukraine, but said little about other issues.
China’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
China proposed multilateral cooperation, but it had trouble defending human rights and criticizing the war in Ukraine.
Biden’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Biden criticized American rivals and emphasized the role of the U.S. in financing global institutions.
Lula’s 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Lula’s speech touched on themes that are important to Brazil, but it barely discussed Ukraine and the UN Security Council.
António Guterres’ 2023 UN Speech: Summary and Analysis
Guterres addressed major crises and urged states to reform institutions, fund humanitarian relief and act on climate change.
What is the General Debate of the UN General Assembly?
The General Debate is a high-level annual meeting in New York, where world leaders deliver speeches and negotiate on the sidelines.
What is the Group of 20? G20 Origins, Members and Summits
The G20 is an international forum for economic cooperation, most notably known for its summits that assemble world leaders every year.
Why does China want the South China Sea?
This vast ocean is linked to China’s history, has enormous economic potential, and is key to securing the country in the Pacific.