Partition, Kashmir, water and nuclear weapons keep India and Pakistan locked in a rivalry shaped by geography.

Oceania’s migration profile combines Australia and New Zealand as destinations with Pacific emigration, remittances and disaster displacement.

Understand how Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and other theories explain power, cooperation and international conflict.

A state can be recognized as such only if it meets statehood criteria and other states are willing to recognize it.

The 1992 Earth Summit adopted Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and climate and biodiversity treaties.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the nuclear non-proliferation regime has limited new arsenals while leaving disarmament contested.

International treaties create legal obligations among states, and treaty law defines how they may be modified, suspended, or terminated.

A treaty normally moves through negotiation, adoption, authentication, consent to be bound, publication and entry into force.

International treaties must meet validity conditions on capacity, authority, lawful object, and free consent.