International Security
Cybersecurity in International Relations
Digital attacks now shape infrastructure protection, evidence sharing and state bargaining.
Pandemics and International Security
Pandemics become security issues when they force decisions about alerts, borders, hospitals, supplies, vaccines and cooperation.
Armenia-Azerbaijan Relations: Nagorno-Karabakh, Borders and Regional Mediation
Peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan now depends on recognized borders, displaced people's rights and rules for transit across the region.
Ethnic Cleansing: Meaning, Examples and International Law
Ethnic cleansing is the violent removal of a group from a territory; international law prosecutes its acts as specific crimes.
UN Security Council: Veto, Reform, and Legitimacy
How the UN Security Council works, why the veto exists, and why reform is central to debates over legitimacy.
International Atomic Energy Agency: History, Functions, and Nuclear Inspections
The IAEA promotes peaceful nuclear technology while using safeguards and inspections to detect diversion toward military purposes.
Women, Peace and Security: UNSCR 1325 and Implementation
The WPS agenda protects women and girls in conflict and expands women’s participation in peace and security decisions.
The History of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime
Since the mid-twentieth century, the nuclear non-proliferation regime has limited new arsenals while leaving disarmament contested.