International Security
Armenia-Azerbaijan Relations: Nagorno-Karabakh, Borders and Regional Mediation
Peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan now depends on recognized borders, displaced people's rights and rules for transit across the region.
Ethnic Cleansing: Meaning, Examples and International Law
Ethnic cleansing is the violent removal of a group from a territory; international law prosecutes its acts as specific crimes.
UN Security Council: Veto, Reform, and Legitimacy
How the UN Security Council works, why the veto exists, and why reform is central to debates over legitimacy.
International Atomic Energy Agency: History, Functions, and Nuclear Inspections
The IAEA promotes peaceful nuclear technology while using safeguards and inspections to detect diversion toward military purposes.
Women, Peace, and Security: Pillars, Initiatives and Challenges
The WPS agenda protects women and girls in conflict and expands women’s participation in peace and security decisions.
The History of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime
Since the mid-twentieth century, the nuclear non-proliferation regime has limited new arsenals while leaving disarmament contested.