International Law
Child Soldiers: Recruitment, Reintegration and International Accountability
Child soldiers are children recruited or used by armed forces and armed groups; protection depends on prevention, reintegration and criminal accountability.
Convention on Biological Diversity
The CBD organizes conservation, sustainable use, benefit sharing, and global targets for biodiversity.
Trade Safeguards: Meaning, WTO Rules and Political Costs
Trade safeguards give temporary protection against import surges under WTO rules on serious injury, public investigation, compensation and adjustment.
Council of Europe: Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law
The Council of Europe links 46 states to the European Convention on Human Rights, the Strasbourg Court and public monitoring of rights obligations.
Ethnic Cleansing: Meaning, Examples and International Law
Ethnic cleansing is the violent removal of a group from a territory; international law prosecutes its acts as specific crimes.
Internally Displaced Persons: Definition, Protection and Humanitarian Challenges
Internally displaced persons flee danger without crossing a border, which makes protection depend on national responsibility, humanitarian access and durable solutions.
World Health Organization: Membership, Organs, and Core Functions
Learn how the WHO is governed, funded, and limited as the UN health agency, from its Member States to the IHR and pandemic rules.
The International Politics of the Holy See
The Holy See is a subject of international law and a major player in international relations, through the Pope and his diplomatic service.
Recognition of Government in International Law
International law lets states recognize, withhold recognition from, or limit relations with governments formed outside constitutional order.
Recognition of States in International Law
A state can be recognized as such only if it meets statehood criteria and other states are willing to recognize it.
International Treaties: Effects, Amendments, Withdrawal, Suspension, and Termination
International treaties create legal obligations among states, and treaty law defines how they may be modified, suspended, or terminated.
Stages of International Treaties: From Negotiation to Entry into Force
A treaty normally moves through negotiation, adoption, authentication, consent to be bound, publication and entry into force.
International Treaties: Conditions of Validity and Defects
International treaties must meet validity conditions on capacity, authority, lawful object, and free consent.
What Is an International Treaty? Definition, Synonyms and Types
An international treaty is a legally binding agreement between subjects of international law, especially states and organizations.